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Eleanor Jack Gibson (December 7, 1910 – December 30, 2002) was an American psychologist. Among her contributions to psychology, the most important are the study of perception in infants and toddlers. She is popularly known for the "visual cliff" experiment in which precocial animals, and crawling human infants, showed their ability to perceive depth by avoiding the deep side of a virtual cliff.〔 〕 Along with her husband James J. Gibson, she forwarded the concept that perceptual learning takes place by differentiation. Gibson is credited with creating the Gibsonian or ecological theory of development, which centers on the concept of affordances and how children learn to perceive them.〔 According to Life magazine in 1959, the "Visual Cliff" was "a wooden table from the edge of which strong plate glass extended...Children were put on the table top and coaxed to crawl out over the glass. But when they got to the edge of the cliff and looked down almost all of them quickly withdrew. Even their mothers' most persuasive urgings could not get them out." Similar studies were done with animals, including rats and kittens.〔 The visual cliff findings indicated that perception is an essentially adaptive process, or as Dr. Gibson put it, ''We perceive to learn, as well as learn to perceive.'' In 1982, she was invited to Beijing to teach Chinese psychologists about recent theories and techniques of research.〔 She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterJ.pdf )〕 In 1992, Eleanor Gibson was awarded the National Medal of Science.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=National Science Foundation ) 〕 A ''Review of General Psychology'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Gibson as the 74th most cited psychologist of the 20th century, in a tie with Paul E. Meehl. ==References== 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eleanor J. Gibson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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